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CAMCO personnel, in a photo probably taken at the Loiwing factory's opening in 1939. William Pawley is second from left, at rear; Chinese pilot Moon Chen, fourth from left; Wong Tsu of the Chinese government, fifth from left in dark suit; Charles Hunter of Curtiss-Wright, at far right. (Photo from the collection of Eugenie Buchan, with permission)

The Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) was the creation of American entrepreneur William D. Pawley, the Curtiss-Wright sales representative in China during the 1930s. Starting in 1933, CAMCO assembled (probably from factory-supplied kits) about 100 Hawk II and Hawk III fighter-bombers at a factory in Hangzhou. The planes had originally been designed as scout bombers for the U.S. Navy. They served as the backbone of the Chinese Air Force during the first year of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).

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Vultee V-11 light bomber

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Curtiss-Wright CW-21
CW-21 B Demon,
Role	fighter
Manufacturer	Curtiss-Wright Corporation
Designed by	George A. Page
First flight	January 1939
Introduced	1939
Primary users	Chinese Nationalist Air Force Militaire Luchtvaart KNIL
Produced	1939–1940
Number built	62

As Nationalist Chinese forces were driven back from the coast in the winter of 1937-38, CAMCO retreated with them. Pawley's factory was reconstituted in Hankou, where it repaired airplanes damaged in combat or by bombing, and may also have assembled some later-model Curtiss H-75 fighters, an export version of the U.S. Army's P-36 monoplane fighter. When Hankou fell in October 1938, CAMCO moved to Hengyang and added Vultee V-11 light bombers to its product line. At the same time, work was started at a new factory far in the hinterland, at Loiwing on the China-Burma frontier. Opened in the spring of 1939, it was supplied by the mountainous "Burma Road" from Rangoon (now Yangon, capital of Myanmar). The factory was financed by the Chinese Nationalist government in Chongqing. An undetermined number of Hawk 75 (P-36 type) and Curtiss-Wright CW-21 fighters were assembled there.

In the winter of 1940-1941, Pawley became involved in the recruitment and supplying of the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG), later known as the Flying Tigers. AVG pilots were released from U.S. military service to serve as "instructors" for the Chinese; their employer of record was CAMCO, which also set up a facility at Mingaladon airport outside Rangoon to assemble the 100 Curtiss P-40 fighters sold to China to equip the AVG. From offices in Rangoon and New York City, CAMCO also provided housekeeping and record-keeping services for the AVG until its disbandment in July 1942.

The CAMCO factory at Loiwing was used to repair AVG P-40s, and its airfield was briefly used by the AVG to mount raids into Thailand and Burma. Following the Allied retreat from Burma in the spring of 1942, the CAMCO plant was lost to the Japanese, and Pawley moved his operation to Bangalore, India, where he evidently joined forces with an Indian firm, Hindustan Aircraft Ltd. Here he assembled Harlow trainers for the Indian Air Force and arguably launched Bangalore on its 20th century path as the high-tech center on the subcontinent.

References

• Annals of the Flying Tigers

• Byrd, Martha. Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger. Tuscaloosa, AL: University Alabama Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8173-0322-7.

• Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942. Washington, DC: HarperCollins|Smithsonian Books, 2007. ISBN 0-06124-655-7.

• Porritt, Mamie. letters from Loiwing

• Rosholt, Malcolm. Flight in the China Air Space. Privately printed, 1984. ISBN 0910417040

Wikipedia,