Manfred von Richtofen The "Red Baron"

Manfred von Richtofen

The

“Red Baron”

Manfred von Richtofen, the "Red Baron."

One figure from World War I triggers instant recognition. Manfred von Richtofen, better known as the "Red Baron," was the best-known German ace. He remains alive today in fiction, comic books, Hollywood movies, and even appears as the adversary of Snoopy in Charles Schultz’s Peanuts cartoon. In reality, he was an effective, skilled pilot who shot down more Allied pilots than any other German in the war.

The nickname the "Red Baron" was not arbitrary: von Richtofen was minor nobility. The "red" in his nickname came from his red airplanes (his cavalry unit’s color) that helped ground troops identify and confirm his kills. It was the veterans among these ground troops who, awe-inspired by what they had seen, spun the stories about the "Red Baron" after the war.

Von Richtofen was born in 1892 in Poland. At the age of eleven, he was sent to cadet school in Germany and then to the War College at Danzig. Upon graduation at age twenty, von Richtofen received a commission as a lieutenant with an uhlan (light cavalry) unit. As World War I began, he was leading his unit against the Russians, performing mostly reconnaissance work on horseback. But the invention of the machine gun meant that the safest way to conduct combat was from the shelter of a trench. Horses (and cavalry troops) became obsolete. After watching airplanes performing reconnaissance duties, he applied for a transfer to the flying corps.

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The last known "portrait" of Manfred von Richthofen, probably taken prior to take off on April 21, 1918.

In June 1915, von Richtofen began attending flying school, where he trained as an aerial observer, then joined a bombing squadron. There, in the observer’s seat, he shot down his first enemy aircraft using a Parabellum machine gun. Inspired by a visit to the unit by German aviation hero Oswald Boelke, and craving success and glory, von Richtofen went to pilot’s training. The training was difficult, as he lacked a natural affinity for the mechanics of flying. But his persistence and extra practice flights paid off. He passed the pilot’s exam on his third try.

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Some of the first Albatross D-IIIs were supplied to the German organization, Jasta 11, commanded by Baron Manfred von Richthofen.

Von Richtofen arrived on the Western Front toward the end of the Battle of Verdun. In an Albatros C.11 reconnaissance airplane with a machine gun he attached to the top wing, he shot down his first plane, a French Nieuport. But it landed on the French side of the lines and could not be confirmed as a kill. He then was sent to the Eastern Front to counteract the Russian Brusilov offensive. There, Boelke found him and sensing potential, signed him up for Jasta 2, a specially organized aerial combat unit that Boelke formed. Von Richtofen began training to become a topnotch combat flyer.

His unit completed training and debuted on September 17, 1916. On that day, von Richtofen shot down a British Farman Fe.26 airplane, his first confirmed kill. His skills learned from Boelke, along with his uhlan combat tactics and his lifelong hunting skills, produced a deadly fighter pilot, who focused on the kill and had the patience to see it through.

On October 28, von Richtofen watched as Boelke collided in midair with another member of Jasta 2. He felt as if "a favorite brother had been taken from us." Von Richtofen joined the nation in mourning, and as Germany’s highest-scoring living ace, he carried the cushion bearing Boelke’s medals at the funeral. He was then given command of Jasta 2, renamed Jasta Boelke.

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The grave of von Richthofen, Bertangles Cemetery, France, 22 April 1918.

Flying an Albatros D.1 biplane painted with red stripes, von Richtofen continued to score victories. On November 23, he shot down Lanoe Hawker, Britain’s first ace. In January 1917, he had his sixteenth confirmed kill and was awarded the Ordré pour le Mérite. He also received command of a new unit, Jasta 11.

Von Richtofen organized Jasta 11 based on the Boelke’s model for Jasta 2. As a teacher as well as leader, von Richtofen trained the pilots in aerial tactics and strategies. The principles of formation flying were strictly enforced--pilots were never to fly or attack without assistance. Pilots were also warned not to be reckless or showy when flying against the enemy. Von Richtofen felt that the reason so many British pilots died was that they lost themselves "looping, diving, flying upside down…," actions von Richtofen found to be "reckless and useless." The pilots of Jasta 11 were taught to hunt the enemy by remaining quiet, then attacking with the element of surprise at the perfect moment. Many of the pilots of Jasta 11 rose to the rank of ace—Werner Voss, Ernst Udet, and Lothar von Richtofen, Manfred’s younger brother.

In April 1917, Jasta 11 became the lead unit for what became known as Bloody April. During that month, the reputation of the "Red Baron" grew till he truly became a legend. Jasta 11 scored 89 victories, 21 of which were by von Richtofen. Both sides of the trenches witnessed the kills and sent the news home of the red airplane’s deadly success. The legend was further fueled by the publication of von Richtofen’s autobiography Der rote Kampfflieger (The Red Battle Flyer).

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Remains of von Richthofen's triplane on display, April 22, 1918

The first Jagdgeschwader (JG 1), a flying group made up of four jastas, was formed on June 24 with von Richtofen as commander. The JG 1 became known as the Richtofen Flying Circus because all the planes were painted bright colors for easy identification. And like a circus, they traveled by train to wherever they were needed. But JG 1 was not playing a child’s game. It never performed escort duty, concentrating exclusively on intercepting or hunting enemy planes. The pilots of JG 1 scored more victories and generated more aces than any unit in the German Air Service. From June 1917 until November 1918, they scored an amazing 644 victories while losing only 52 of their own planes.

The pilots of JG.1 had access to the latest aviation technology and were given the Fokker Dr.1 triplane as soon as it became available. The solid red Fokker triplane was the airplane most associated with the "Red Baron," although he scored only 20 victories with it. Designer Anthony Fokker consulted with von Richtofen on the design of the DR.1 as well as the D.VIII, considered the best fighter plane of the war.

But he was not invincible. In July 1917, von Richtofen was shot down, and although he survived with only a head wound, the German High Command began pressuring him to stop flying, worried that his death would damage German morale. They sent him on public relations tours and gave him administrative work to perform. But all he wanted to do was fly, so he always returned to the Front to collect more victories.

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The Sopwith Camel was the most successful fighter plane of World War I. It shot down more enemy aircraft than any other fighter of any of the warring nations.

By the spring of 1918, German air superiority had ended. The British Sopwith Camels and French Spads were defeating the German planes regularly. Von Richtofen’s red Fokker triplane was often the target of the Allied pilots, who now had faster and more maneuverable airplanes. Pressures from the enemy increasingly led him to abandon his training and personal combat rules and he often found himself flying without support or being pushed far into enemy territory, often saved only by luck. The thrill of the hunt and kill were fading for him. He wrote to his mother "I am in wretched spirits after every battle….I think of this war as it really is…it is very serious, very grim."

On April 21, 1918, a single bullet, fired either by Australian artillerymen on the ground or by Canadian pilot Arthur Brown, pierced von Richtofen’s heart and his plane crashed. British forces recovered his body and he was buried with full military honors.

Since his death, the "Red Baron" has remained alive in the legends of war. Charles Lindbergh, like many other youngsters of his time, idolized the "Red Baron." In memory, the "Red Baron" has grown to represent chivalry, bravery, and a cold-blooded approach to killing the enemy in the air. He is the ultimate pilot who always got his man.

By Pamela Feltus

Sources and Further Reading:

Franks, Norman, et al. Under the Guns of the Red Baron: The Complete Record of Von Richthofen's Victories and Victims Fully Illustrated. London: Grub Street, 1998.

Fritzche, Peter. A Nation of Fliers: German Aviation and the Popular Imagination. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Kilduff, Peter. Germany’s First Air Force 1914-1918. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1991.

__________. Richtofen: Beyond the Legend of the Red Baron. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.

Lawson, Eric and Jane. The First Air Campaign, August 1914-November 1918. Pennsylvania: Combined Books, 1996.

Pisano, Dominick A., et al. Legend, Memory, and the Great War in the Air. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998.

Wohl, Robert. A Passion for Wings: Aviation and the Western Imagination 1908-1918. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994.

The Red Baron

Top Ace of WWI, 80 victories

Manfred von Richthofen, wearing the Pour le Merite

The Red Baron was one of those heroes whose life seems almost scripted. Discipline, pride, hunting skills, and Teutonic patriotism all combined in this man, bringing him to the pinnacle of fame which long outlasted the man himself. "Curse you, Red Baron," cried Snoopy, the Mitty-esque canine ace of Charles Schultz' Peanuts comic strip. But Richthofen was no caricature, methodically claiming 80 aerial victories, before falling himself, in a Wagnerian finale.

His Youth

Born on May 2, 1892 to a Prussian noble family, junker landholders, Manfred von Richthofen, learned to hunt at an early age.

Growing up in Silesia (now part of Poland) young Manfred learned from his father, a Uhlan career officer, and his maternal Schickfuss relatives. In the protected game forests, he and his brothers, Lothar and Bolko, hunted wild boar, elk, birds, and deer, collected and displayed their trophies. Later, the great ace would bring the same love of the hunt and love of victory to his aerial battles. He entered the Prussian cadet corps (military school) at age eleven, where he was an indifferent student. In 1911, he entered Uhlan Regiment Number 1, which he enjoyed, at least insofar as the opportunities it gave him to ride horses. He first fought on the Russian front, where the highlight of his cavalry exploits seemed to be capturing and locking up a Russian priest in his own bell tower. Transferred to the West, his Uhlan regiment spent several enjoyable, peaceful months in the rear areas. An assignment to the quartermaster corps didn't satisfy Richthofen. "My dear Excellency," he wrote, "I have not gone to war to collect cheese and eggs ..." He asked to serve with a flying unit. In May, 1915, his request was granted.

Flier

Soon, he was back in the East, as a reconnaissance flier and then a bomber. During June, July and August, 1915, he remained with the 69th Flying Squadron which participated in Mackensen's advance from Gorlice to Brest-Litovsk. He had joined it as quite a junior observer and he had no special expertise. As a cavalryman his business had consisted in reconnoitering. So the Aviation Service as an observer was in his line and he enjoyed the long reconnoitering flights which they undertook nearly every day. Still dissatisfied, he complained again and was removed to Ostend on the Western front, as a back-seat observer in a reconnaissance plane. With pilot Lt. Zeumer, they patrolled over the North Sea, and once spotted a submarine beneath the water, but did not bomb it as they could not determine its nationality. His first encounter with an English airplane, on September 15, 1915, ended without real damage to either plane; but gunner Richthofen and pilot Zeumer both thought that the other could have handled the combat better.

Transferred to the Champagne front, he flew with pilot Osteroth. With his ring-mounted machine gun, he managed to shoot down a Farman aircraft, but could not get credit for the kill, as it fell behind Allied lines. His hunter's instinct had been awakened.

Still determined to join the great hunt in the skies, he started pilot training in October, 1915, making his first solo on the 10th. He damaged the plane on landing and had to take more training at Doberitz.

On Christmas Day, 1915, he passed his examination. In connection with it, he flew to Schwerin, where the Fokker works are situated. From Schwerin flew to Breslau, to Schweidnitz, to Luben and then returned to Berlin. During his tour, he landed in many places in between, visiting relatives and friends. Being a trained observer, he did not find it difficult to find his way. In March, 1916, he joined KampfGeswchader 2 before Verdun and learned learned how to handle a fighting two-seater airplane.

Assigned a two-seat Albatros BII reconnaissance plane (max speed 66 MPH, 100 HP engine, ceiling 9,840 feet), he rigged a machine gun on the upper wing, much like the Nieuport 11. Piloting this Albatros over Verdun on April 26, 1916, he sighted a French Nieuport and opened up at 60 yards. The stricken French fighter dived into Fort Douamont; Von Richthofen had his first kill, although he would gain no official credit. While in France, he had a few opportunities to fly a Fokker single-seat fighter, further whetting his appetite to fly fighters.

Again switched back to the Russian front, he continued to fly "C" class recon/light bombers. As the Russians had few planes, flying and bombing there was agreeable duty, relatively safe and with readily accomplished missions, like bombing the Manjewicze railway station, strafing Cossack cavalry, knocking out the Stokhod River bridge, etc..

In August, he met the great ace Oswald Boelcke (40 kills), who was in the East recruiting fliers for a new Jagdstaffel (Jasta 2). After a brief interview, Boelcke took Richthofen back with him, to the Somme.

Boelcke's Pupil

While the well-organized British air arm held command of the air over the bloody battlefield of the Somme, Boelcke's new group, Jasta 2, made an immediate impact. On Sept. 17, 1916, in Jasta 2's first mission, the baron shot down an FE-2 two-seater. (Built by the Royal Aircraft Factory, FE-2's frequently fell to von Richthofen. The FE-2 biplane featured a pusher propeller, mounted aft of the short pod containing the observer, the pilot, and the 160HP Beardmore engine. Used both as a fighter and a reconnaissance plane, both of its crew had a machine gun, giving it a certain strength in redundancy.)

On the morning of the 17th, Boelcke led his squadron up and spotted the English planes first. They were heading toward Cambrai, with Jasta 2 between them and their own lines. Richthofen approached one, maneuvering to get behind it, where he would have the advantage. The English pilot twisted and turned expertly, but briefly let Richthofen behind him. Richtofen described the action:.

In a fraction of a second I was at his back with my excellent machine. I gave a few bursts with my machine gun. I had gone so close that I was afraid I might dash into the Englishman. Suddenly, I nearly yelled with joy for his propeller had stopped turning. I had shot his engine to pieces; the enemy was compelled to land, for it was impossible for him to reach his own lines. The English machine was curiously swinging to and fro. Probably something had happened to the pilot. The observer was no longer visible. His machine gun was apparently deserted. Obviously I had hit the observer and he had fallen from his seat.

The Englishman landed close to one of our squadrons. I was so excited that I landed also and in my eagerness, I nearly smashed up my machine. The English airplane and my own stood close together. I had shot the engine to pieces and both the pilot and observer were severely wounded. The observer died at once and the pilot while being transported to the nearest dressing station. I honored the fallen enemy by placing a stone on his beautiful grave.

For the next month, Jasta 2 "found a happy hunting ground over the Somme battlefield." Ironically, Boelcke did not live long to enjoy the success of his new elite Jasta. He was killed in early November, in a collision with another German flier; von Richthofen carried the great ace's decorations on a pillow in his funeral. By Nov. 9, von Richtofen had increased his score to ten.

The Death Of Major Hawker, V.C.

Like any great hunter, Manfred von Richthofen reveled in bagging the largest game. On November 23, 1916, he encountered Major Lanoe George Hawker, V.C., "the British Boelcke," in Richthofen's words, big game indeed. Hawker was one of the first fliers to take a pistol with him in the air and was also the first to arm an early Bristol scout with a Lewis gun. He downed a German two-seater over Ypres in July, 1915. Flying constantly, he downed one German plane after another. (In those early days, British records of aerial victories were not kept as carefully as later.) Hawker was decorated with the Victoria Cross and given command of Number 24 squadron.

On the morning of the 23rd, Hawker led three planes in an attack on some German two-seaters. But it was an ambush. The bait promptly fled, while Richthofen's fighters dived after the British fliers. Lieutenants Andrews and Saunders were hit, but managed to escape. Hawker stayed to fight; against him were Richthofen and the best pilots of Jasta 2.

Starting at 6,000 feet, the airplanes tore at each other, twisting and turning in descending circles, down to 2,000 feet. Desperate to gain an advantage, Hawker looped and got off a burst. He missed and fled for home, now at tree-top level. But the German aircraft was faster and Richthofen was determined.

In Richthofen's own words:

Our speed is terrific. [Hawker] starts back for his front. He knows my gun barrel is trained on him. He starts to zigzag, making sudden darts right and left, confusing my aim and making it difficult to train my gun on him. But the moment is coming. I am fifty yards behind him. My machine gun is firing incessantly. We are hardly fifty yards above the ground - just skimming it.

Now I am within thirty yards of him. He must fall. The gun pours out its stream of lead. Then it jams. Then it reopens fire. That jam almost saved his life. One bullet goes home. He is struck through the back of the head. His plane jumps and crashes down. It strikes the ground just as I swoop over. His machine gun rammed itself into the earth, and now it decorates the entrance over my door [to the family home at Schweidnitz]. He was a brave man, a sportsman, and a fighter.

Hawker was Richthofen's eleventh victim. Another order went to his Berlin silversmith, for a plain, silver cup, just two inches high, engraved briefly with the aircraft and date of his victory.

The Flying Circus

After victory number 16, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite (the Blue Max). He then organized his own Jagdstaffel 11, dubbed by journalists "The Flying Circus." His qualities showed. He was methodical; he figured the odds; with mathematical precision, he calculated position, angles, and fire control to kill his prey. He led his group with order and discipline, requiring his fliers to study and follow his tactics. About this time (late 1916), he painted his aircraft red, and began to be known as "The Red Baron."

But even Richtofen, in his new all-red Albatros D III, didn't always have it his own way. On January 23, 1917, the Richthofen Circus pounced on some British camera planes of the 25th Squadron (FE-2 two-seater, pusher planes). Richthofen fired into an airplane piloted by Capt. Grieg, with 2nd. Lt. J. E. MacLenan as observer. His bullets tore into Grieg's leg, who struggled heroically to regain control of the aircraft. Oil splattered all over the wounded craft. MacLenan tossed the camera over and began firing his Lewis gun. He and the nearly blinded Grieg kept shooting back at the relentless Red Baron, and eventually their bullets crippled the Albatros, cracking its wing. Both aircraft crash-landed near Vimy. As German infantry approached, Grieg fired a flare pistol into his downed plane, setting it afire, thus denying it to the Germans.

In mid-March, he got it again, this time when his group of five planes attacked fifteen British machines over Lens. As the enemies had seen each other at a great distance, both groups flew right at each other for several nerve-tingling minutes. When one of the British scouts peeled off, Richthofen thought he had an easy kill. Closing to fifty meters on the straggler, he test-fired his guns, and calmly planned his enemy's destruction. He suddenly realized that he had been ambushed when his Albatros was hit by machine gun fire. His fuel tank was holed, so he switched off his engine promptly. Even one drop on the hot engine could have fatally ignited his plane. He managed to bring his aircraft down behind German lines, but had difficulty persuading an officer that he had, in fact, shot down twenty-four airplanes.

By March 26, 1917, the Baron had downed thirty-one Allied planes. He had become a cold, ruthless hunter and killer; machine guns helpless pilots of crashed aircraft and blasting his victims as they tried to escape the cockpits of doomed airplanes. He carried with him a gruesome photograph of a British flier he had horribly shot apart, the photograph given to him by an admiring German infantry colonel.

Bloody April

The British airmen were obsessed with the Red Baron and were determined to destroy him, one way or another. On April 5, they planned a massive bombing raid on his aerodrome at Douai. German intelligence alerted Richthofen, but he choose to stay put. A few hours before the raid was due, he and his senior pilots sat down to a splendid dinner. While they puffed their after-dinner cigars, the phone rang, "English bombers on the way." In the dugout bomb shelter, he entertained his men with wine, ribald stories, jokes, and tales of aerial combat. Meanwhile, no British bombers came over. Finally, seventeen of the bombers found the Baron's field and loosed their destruction. The bombs found fuel and ammunition stores, setting huge explosions. The hangars were hit by the second wave. But Manfred von Richthofen and his crack pilots were unhurt.

In the month of April, Jasta 11 shot down 89 British airplanes. As winter weather had cleared, both sides were able to fly a lot. The Germans could employ their group fighting tactics. And their Albatros D.III scouts over-matched the British pusher biplanes and the French Nieuport 11's. Manfred von Richthofen alone claimed 20 in the month.

Wounded , July 1917

The German press, eager for any good news or for any hero from the mindless, muck and blood-filled horror of the stagnant trenches, showered the Red Baron with adulation. After a short leave in May, he hurried back to rejoin The Flying Circus. By the end of June, 1917, his collection of little silver cups totalled fifty-six.

Then, on July 2, he encountered the British RFC 20th Squadron, and two of its pilots: Flt. Cdr. A. E. Woodbridge and Capt. Pilot D. C. Cunnell. Woodbridge described the action:

Cunnell handled the old FE for all she was worth, banking her from one side to the other, ducking dives from above and missing head-on collisions by bare margins of feet. The air was full of whizzing machines, and the noise from the full-out motors and the crackling machine guns was more than deafening ... Cunnell and I fired into four of the Albatroses from as close as thirty yards, and I saw my tracers go right into their bodies. Those four went down ... Some of them were on fire - just balls of smoke and flame - a nasty sight to see.

Two of them came at us head-on, and the first one was Richthofen. There wasn't a thing on that machine that wasn't red, and how he could fly! I opened fire with the front Lewis and so did Cunnell with the side gun. Cunnell held the FE on her course and so did the pilot of the all-red scout [Richthofen]. With our combined speeds, we approached each other at 250 miles per hour ... I kept a steady stream of lead pouring into the nose of that machine.

Then ... The Albatros' pointed her nose down suddenly and passed under us. Cunnell banked and turned. We saw the all-red plane slip into a spin. It turned over and over, round and round, completely out of control. His motor was going full on, so I figured I had at least wounded him. As his head was the only part that wasn't protected by his motor, I thought that's where he was hit.

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Fokker Dr. 1, built 1917, powered by Thulin-built Le Rhone 9J 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary 110 HP engine, weighed 1,289 lbs., max. speed of 103 MPH, max. ceiling of 19,685 feet, 2 synchronized Spandau machine guns

Indeed, a British bullet had creased and partially splintered his skull. Despite the best treatment available for the national hero, the wound never properly healed; the scar tissue, bone splinters and even thorns continued to cause Richthofen maddeningly painful headaches. He went home on leave, but when he returned, his skills were off. He went two weeks without a kill.

By September, now flying the famous red Fokker Dr.I triplane, he had recovered enough to reach the 60 victory milestone, an unprecedented achievement.

Winter 1917 - 1918

After a Christmas leave, hunting in the Bialowicka forest with Lothar, he resumed his pursuit of aerial quarry. When he downed 2nd Lt. H. J. Sparks, his 64th, he sent the hospitalized British flier a box of cigars. In March and April of 1918, he shot down 17 airplanes, while flying his trademark all-red Fokker Triplane.

Richthofen's last victory was number 80; Lt. D. E. Lewis walked away from his wreck.

The Last Gogfight

Canadian Capt. Roy Brown led a flight fifteen Sopwith Camels on the morning of April 21, 1918, flying cover for some photo planes. When some Fokkers and Albatroses jumped the camera planes, a huge dogfight ensued, over thirty planes twisting, shooting, and tearing at each other. A scarlet Albatros got behind a young Canadian, Lt. Wilford May. Seeing his plight, Capt. Brown went after the Baron, firing his Lewis gun.

And then the aircraft of the Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, dived and crashed near Sailly-le-Sac, an area held by Australian infantry. The Aussies immediately recovered the plane and were astonished to discover inside Richtofen's body. Almost as quickly, the event became the subject of confusion. The low-key Captain Brown never officialy claimed the kill; and some Australian gunners did. To this day, no one knows for sure who brought down the greatest ace of The Great War.

The Funeral

No.	Date	Type of Aircraft	Location
1	Sept. 17, 1916	FE 2b	near Cambrai
2	Sept. 23, 1916	Martinsyde G 100	Somme River
3	Sept. 30, 1916	FE 2b	Fremicourt
4	Oct. 7, 1916	BE 12	Equancourt
5	Oct. 10, 1916	BE 12	Ypres
6	Oct. 16, 1916	BE 12	near Ypres
7	Nov. 3, 1916	FE 2b	Loupart Wood
8	Nov. 9, 1916	Be 2c	Beugny
9	Nov. 20, 1916	BE 12	Geudecourt
10	Nov. 20, 1916	FE 2b	Geudecourt
11	Nov. 23, 1916	DH 2	Bapaume
12	Dec. 11, 1916	DH 2	Mercatel
13	Dec. 20, 1916	DH 2	Moncy-le-Preux
14	Dec. 20, 1916	FE 2b	Moreuil
15	Dec. 27, 1916	FE 2b	Ficheux
16	Jan. 4, 1917	Sopwith Pup	Metz-en-Coutre
17	Jan. 23, 1917	FE 8	Lens
18	Jan. 24, 1917	FE 2b	Vitry
19	Feb. 1, 1917	BE 2e	Thelus
20	Feb. 14, 1917	BE 2d	Loos
21	Feb. 14, 1917	BE 2d	Mazingarbe
22	Mar. 4, 1917	Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter	Acheville
23	Mar. 4, 1917	BE 2d	Loos
24	Mar. 3, 1917	BE 2c	Souchez
25	Mar. 9, 1917	DH 2	Bailleul
26	Mar. 11, 1917	BE 2d	Vimy
27	Mar. 17, 1917	FE 2b	Oppy
28	Mar. 17, 1917	BE 2c	Vimy
29	Mar. 21, 1917	BE 2c	La Neuville
30	Mar. 24, 1917	Spad VII	Givenchy
31	Mar. 25, 1917	Nieuport 17	Tilloy
32	April 2, 1917	BE 2d	Farbus
33	April 2, 1917	Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter	Givenchy
34	April 3, 1917	FE 2d	Lens
35	April 5, 1917	Bristol Fighter F 2a	Lembras
36	April 5, 1917	Bristol Fighter F 2a	Quincy
37	April 7, 1917	Nieuport 17	Mercatel
38	April 8, 1917	Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter	Farbus
39	April 8, 1917	BE 2e	Vimy
40	April 11, 1917	BE 2c	Willerval
41	April 13, 1917	RE 8	Vitry
42	April 13, 1917	FE 2b	Monchy
43	April 13, 1917	FE 2b	Henin
44	April 14, 1917	Nieuport 17	Bois Bernard
45	April 16, 1917	BE 2c	Bailleul
46	April 22, 1917	FE 2b	Lagnicourt
47	April 23, 1917	BE 2e	Mericourt
48	April 28, 1917	BE 2e	Pelves
49	April 29, 1917	Spad VII	Lecluse
50	April 29, 1917	FE 2b	Inchy
51	April 29, 1917	BE 2d	Roeux
52	April 29, 1917	Nieuport 17	Billy-Montigny
53	June 18, 1917	RE 8	Strugwe
54	June 23, 1917	Spad VII	Ypres
55	June 26, 1917	RE 8	Keilbergmelen
56	June 25, 1917	RE 8	Le Bizet
57	July 2, 1917	RE 8	Deulemont
58	Aug. 16, 1917	Nieuport 17	Houthulster Wald
59	Aug. 26, 1917	Spad VII	Poelcapelle
60	Sept. 2, 1917	RE 8	Zonebeke
61	Sept. 3, 1917	Sopwith Pup	Bousbecque
62	Nov. 23, 1917	DH 5	Bourlon Wood
63	Nov. 30, 1917	SE 5a	Moevres
64	Mar. 12, 1918	Bristol Fighter F 2b	Nauroy
65	Mar. 13, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Gonnelieu
66	Mar. 18, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Andigny
67	Mar. 24, 1918	SE 5a	Combles
68	Mar. 25, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Contalmaison
69	Mar. 26, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Contalmaison
70	Mar. 26, 1918	RE 8	Albert
71	Mar. 27, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Aveluy
72	Mar. 27, 1918	Bristol Fighter F 2b	Foucacourt
73	Mar. 27, 1918	Bristol Fighter F 2b	Chuignolles
74	Mar. 28, 1918	Armstrong Whitworth FK 8	Mericourt
75	April 2, 1918	FE 8	Moreuil
76	April 6, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Villers-Bretonneux
77	April 7, 1918	SE 5a	Hangard
78	April 7, 1918	Spad VII	Villers-Bretonneux
79	April 20, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Bois-de-Hamel
80	April 20, 1918	Sopwith Camel	Villers-Bretonneux